across money, she feels free. Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Some wealthy people, however, use their money to support social causes, giving money to art galleries, libraries, museums, universities, and cultural groups. Edith Wharton leaves little doubt about her condemnation of that world. Women initiate the great majority of divorces. And, of course, Selden becomes enraged at Lily when he Indeed, most of the action in the novel happens not by coincidence way: Lily could get married and succeed, or fail and die. Mrs. Peniston’s house. It remained on the best-seller list for four months, and its sales became the basis for Edith Wharton’s independent fortune. The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton offers a multidimensional and fluid analysis of social class. Similarly, Lily comes to possess Bertha Dorset's love letters to Lawrence Selden because a cleaning lady saw her leaving Selden's apartment and assumed that she must be his mistress. the fact remains that if Lily had followed her heart and married Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Arrivistes or the nouveau riche, people who had more recently earned their fortunes, also made up an important part of old New York society. [and] the touch of poetry in her beauty.”. It also gives two other characters some power over her reputation. House of Mirth A Feminist Study of The House of Mirth: Lily Bart as Art and Artist January 21, 2019 by Essay Writer He had a confused sense that she must have cost a great deal to make, that a great many dull and ugly people must, in some mysterious way, have been sacrificed to produce her. 126–42. Summary Lily Bart, in The House of Mirth, is a beautiful young woman, an orphan, hovering on the edge of New York's highest levels of society in the late 1800s, the Gilded Age. of Mirth, one answer is that Wharton wants to depict the We’ve discounted annual subscriptions by 50% for COVID-19 relief—Join Now! or exile/death. Lily is saved from her aunt’s fury by an invitation to accompany the Dorsets on their cruise to the Mediterranean. Quinn, Arthur Hobson, “Edith Wharton,” in “The House of Mirth”: A Novel of Admonition, by Linda Martin-Wagner, Twayne Publishers, 1990, p. 11. Review of Reviews, in Edith Wharton, by Katherine Joslin, St. Martin’s Press, 1991, pp. sees her leaving the house of Gus Trenor late one night by herself. The upper-class is essentially divided into two groups: old money and the nouveau riche. By this time, however, even Rosedale will not have her. 1900: By 1900 more than 90 percent of all American women are married. Since the death of her mother, who had an intense hatred for "dinginess," Lily began to live with her aunt, Mrs. Peniston. By the turn of the century, the percentage of the population living in poverty was swelling. While staying with a rich couple, Judy and Gus Trenor, Lily … toward that end? The reason, is so that I could give a more in depth answer and explanation. She occupies a dingy little room that she cannot even afford and finds herself cast out of her former circle. *Grand Central Station. an affair after they are seen alone together at night in a train Nevius, Blake. She is forced to become a social secretary for Mrs. Hatch, who lives in a fashionable New York City hotel. Previous Next . From the very start, Lily both attracts and repels the reader. While The House of Mirth was only Edith Wharton's second novel, Cynthia Griffin Wolff points out in the Dictionary of Literary Biography, with it Wharton "emerged as a professionally serious, masterful novelist. The New York upper-class society of which Wharton writes in The House of Mirth could be characterized as one of affluence and relative ease. Disinherited by her aunt, penniless, and denounced publicly by Bertha Dorset in most damaging (but again unjust) terms, she struggles to maintain herself as something of a social guide and parasite with a series of unappealing women. What's Up With the Ending? malice and bitter realities of life in upper-class society in all There too, Selden appears to offer a tantalizing, real alternative to the vacuous bridge games of Bellomont, but he seems to fall just short. House of Mirth study guide contains a biography of Edith Wharton, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. While this technique recalls the artifice of nineteenth-century fiction and the well made play, it also helps define Lily Bart's world where appearance is often taken for reality. Today: In 1990 there were 1,182,000 divorces among the American population—4.7 per 1,000. THE HOUSE OF MIRTH: LITERARY ANALYSIS PLOT STRUCTURE ANALYSIS . Edith Wharton, January 24th, 1862- August 11th, 1937 She was born into an upper class New York family, which greatly influenced the perspectives from which her novels were written FUN FACT! Rather than attend church with him, she slips away to spend time with Selden, who is unable to make a commitment to her. The pace of the book is perhaps nowhere as tellingly demonstrated as when Lily works for Mrs. Hatch: within the space of one chapter, Lily is exposed to an immoral circle that hopes to marry off a wealthy young bachelor to a much-older divorcée, is implicated by her role in this affair, and is accordingly ill judged by society. Most of the upper-class characters in The House of Mirth maintain apartments in the fashionable sections of New York City but also have country homes a few miles outside the city. Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Wolff, Cynthia Griffin, “Edith Wharton,” in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. In “Reading Mrs. Lloyd,” Judith Fryer analyzes the cultural significance of the tableaux vivants with illustrations of the paintings that Lily Bart enacted. Discusses the ways in which The House of Mirth was a turning point in the development of Wharton’s professional writing skills. Lily has two hours to spend before her train arrives, and recruits Selden to entertain her. But one of the great ironies of this situation is that Lily The House of Mirth is a work of social realism that criticizes a very specific world—that of wealthy, nineteenth century New York society—yet it is also much more than that. Boston: Twayne, 1976. The pace of Lily’s descent quickens in the last third of the novel. Near the end of the novel, Lawrence Selden finds her in abject poverty and determines to try to help her. The House of Mirth was an immediate success when it was published in 1905. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953. Welcome to the House of Mirth. 9: American Novelists, 1910–1945, edited by James J. Martine, Gale Research, 1981, pp. Lily Bart’s aunt’s house on Fifth Avenue. The House of Mirth Summary. Wagner-Martin, Linda, “The House of Mirth”: A Novel of Admonition, Twayne Publishers, 1990. Although most of Dreiser's work would appear later, Sister Carrie had caused considerable stir in 1900, five years before the publication of Wharton's novel. Lily finds, not a “house of mirth,” but the house of death. She is disinherited, forced to sell her services as a companion to the nouveau riche, and even fired from her apprenticeship as a milliner. It is a moral fable with timeless insight into the problem of finding and keeping clarity of vision in a corrupt culture. That day, the authorial voice notes, “She was like a water-plant in the flux of the tides, and today the whole current of her mood was carrying her toward Lawrence Selden.” At other times, without money or a husband, Lily feels herself to be in the “dark seas,” but when she feels safe again, it is as if she had “enough buoyancy to rise once more above her doubts.”, Notably, the trip that Lily takes on the literal seas aboard the Dorset’s yacht is what brings about her eventual downfall. The House of Mirth has been made available as an audiotape by several publishers in an unabridged edition. The House of Mirth is a traditional realistic novel. With the death of Britain’s Queen Victoria in 1901, the Victorian era came to an end in Britain and the United States. Edith Wharton: New Critical Essays. Lily Bart is both a victim of her upbringing and her society and a shaper of her own sorry destiny. Whenever she falls into debt, she feels enslaved. Wharton was viewed as a poor imitation of Henry James, despite all the ways in which she deliberately distances herself from his art. In a train station, Selden carefully analyzes Lily with the intent of determining why she is there. The House of Mirth Summary. Working Women McDowell’s text is a critical overview of Wharton’s writing. With each chapter, particularly in Book Two, the Some people refused to hire them at all, while others forced female workers to resign upon marriage. The depiction of the different locales proved a felicitous subject for film even though the plot was difficult to follow. visits, then, are the grounds on which all the social analyses and They begin to seek some distance from their somewhat tainted acquaintance. Honore de Balzac is a particularly important antecedent for this novel. She ought to be trying to catch a husband; however, she cannot bring herself to do it. The House of Mirth: Book 1: Chapter 6 Summary & Analysis. Near the end of her brief life, she comes to recognize the inward poverty of her existence. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1962. By Edith Wharton. However, many married women had difficulty obtaining employment. In the case of The House When Lily meets Lawrence Selden at the station, he invites her to tea at his apartment at the top floor of a building fronted by a “marble porch and pseudo-Georgian façade.” Benedick means “bachelor,” and it is a perfect name for Selden and his lodgings for he is confirmed in his single state. Meynell, Alice, in “The House of Mirth”: A Novel of Admonition, by Linda Martin-Wagner, Twayne Publishers, 1990, p. 9, originally published in Bookman (London), Vol. By contrast, New York was also associated with immigrants and poverty. She does, however, leave some doubt about her protagonist. provide a great example of how the novel pays attention to behavioral Word Count: 337. The House of Mirth opens in New York City as Lily Bart misses the train that was to take her to a house party hosted by her friends Judy and Gus Trenor. Nevius discounts prevailing critical thought and presents insightful criticism of Wharton’s work. *Monte Carlo. Gradually women took on greater roles outside of the home. Word Count: 148. After her return to New York, Lily continually perceives her position through water imagery. Nearly every important twist in the plot depends on some remarkable coincidence and some significant misinterpretation of what someone is doing at a particular place at a particular time. Since its publication in 1905 The House of Mirth has commanded attention for the sharpness of Wharton's observations and the power of her style. A Great Recap Video Of The House Of Mirth Starring Gillian Anderson I Found Years Ago. Word Count: 178, The House of Mirth belongs to the school of naturalism. Directed by Terence Davies. over that of Bertha. For example, in 1897 one New York family spent close to $400,000 on a dance party. game of money and power. They came from old names and old money, and members of such families set the standards for other members of their social class. Capital of the principality of Monaco on the Riviera known for its casinos and luxurious hotels. 1–18. Log in here. Lily’s downward spiral is already hinted at in the novel’s first scene, when she unwisely yields to the impulse to take tea in Lawrence Selden’s flat. It can be seen now as a kind of early feminist response to both James and Gustave Flaubert, whose Madame Bovary (1857) it resembles in certain ways. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. as seen later on when Lily and George Dorset are assumed to be having The first book-length study to treat Wharton as a major author. Essentially, money is valued for only one reason – it provides the means by which those in possession of it may do as they please. This is the first in a series of untruths which help propel her journey downward. Unable to repay her debt to Trenor, she thinks about confiding her troubles in Selden, a thought that “became as seductive as the river’s flow to the suicide. Women had almost no external personal identity; their social positions were primarily determined by their husbands’ achievements and social status. What ideological position does the Simon Rosedale embody throughout the novel, House of Mirth? After this treachery, Lily’s downfall is swift. If this trend continues, younger Americans marrying for the first time have a 40 to 50 percent chance of divorcing in their lifetime. "Published in 1905 it had the fastest sales of any of its publishing house's books at the time. The first half of The House of Mirth details Lily’s travails at a leisurely pace. There are essentially two possibilities in The The House of Mirth, probably the best known and the most closely analyzed of Wharton’s works, chronicles the social adventures in the life of its central character. He then plays a mind game on her, walking past her to see if she greets him or tries to hide from him. beneath a flying ship” to close her letters. They sought opportunities for a better life, both economically and religiously, but many existed in miserable conditions. James, Henry, “Letters,” in “The House of Mirth”: A Novel of Admonition, by Linda Martin-Wagner, Twayne Publishers, 1990, p. 9. ©2021 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Given that money is the controlling factor in Lily's life, Today: In 1990, 187 million Americans, representing about 75 percent of the population, live in urban areas. ", Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. I Did Not Make This Video But I Do Love It ;) Having grown up with luxury, with no real sense of how to manage money but a clear sense of how much power comes with having it, Lily wants badly to have a large fortune at her disposal. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Times Literary Supplement (London), in Edith Wharton: The Contemporary Reviews, edited by James W. Tuttleton, Kristin O. Lauer, and Margaret P. Murray, Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 117. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1994. Pacing The metaphor of the sea and water is crucial to The House of Mirth. Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. It is available from Sony Pictures Classics on VHS and DVD. Department stores, skyscrapers, public parks, and museums are all part of the new landscape of the city. Howe, Irving, ed. Not until after her death in 1937 was Wharton’s body of work, and especially The House of Mirth, taken seriously as the complex work of art and meditation on modern values most consider it today. The House of Mirth Analysis. Commonly called “a novel of manners” because of the way characters are shown thinking and speaking about how people in society ought to conduct themselves, The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton focuses chiefly on Lily Bart, a woman whose social decline and fall is read chiefly as a criticism of the habits and customs of New York’s upper class in the early 20th century. Word Count: 100. Lily lives with her parsimonious Aunt Julia Peniston, but moves in a world of trips to Europe, … In Monte Carlo, the American upper class appears even more decadent and immoral than at home in New York. How does Wharton work details. It is a typical move: Morally sound, like all of her indiscretions, it nevertheless breaks the rules of behavior for unmarried women in her set. 130–31. The End of the Victorian Age case, it is the latter option that happens. The House of Mirth. game on her, walking past her to see if she greets him or tries That afternoon, Lily accepts Selden ’s proposal and goes on a … they will spend their time gambling, and Lily plans all of her trips As the indiscretions add up, it becomes increasingly difficult for her to be marketed by her friends. - Inigo Montoya. In response to such problems, reformers worked to clean up the city. T he House of Mirth was the first literary classic that I picked up entirely on my own, without prodding from a teacher or a parent, and adored. As at the beginning of the century, some families are from old money and some are selfmade. Also contains an excellent annotated bibliography and chronology. I arrived at my answer, through doing a strong analysis on the topic at hand. Members of the nouveau riche are known for their extravagance. Everyone plans trips to the Bellomont knowing that Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. What makes money interesting in this novel is the way it New York: Garland, 1992. "Published in 1905 it had the fastest sales of any of its publishing house's books at the time. As the writing demonstrates, Lily is quickly drawn from one bad situation to a worse one. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1990. In the first few decades of the 1900s, many individual states passed such laws. The train is also an apt metaphor for Lily’s life: a journey with a number of stops along the way, but generally headed downhill socially and economically. The House of Mirth has been adapted to the stage, radio, TV, and cinema, most recently in 2000 by English film director Terence Davies. In the book The House of Mirth what is the word that they refer to in the novel when it reads: Irving Howe’s essay, “A Reading of The House of Mirth,” praises Wharton’s style though he regrets her somewhat overcharged rhetoric. Lauer, Kristin O., and Margaret P. Murray. The second half of the book moves at a much quicker pace as it chronicles Lily’s ejection from society because of rumors spread by her “friend” Bertha Dorset. While The House of Mirth was only Edith Wharton's second novel, Cynthia Griffin Wolff points out in the Dictionary of Literary Biography, with it Wharton "emerged as a professionally serious, masterful novelist. Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Lily exists on the edge of this society: She lives at the home of her wealthy aunt and is dependent on the hospitality of friends for her social life. Word Count: 400. In discussing the significance of the title, R. W. B. Lewis notes that the novel was "Edith Wharton's first full scale survey of the comedie humaine, American style." Word Count: 684. She refuses to give Bertha’s love letters to Selden to make her way back into the social scene, even though Bertha’s deceit is what leads to her ultimate ostracism. In this Although some believed that the critique was unjust, more were concerned, ultimately, with its aptness as a subject for art. Lily Bart is a gorgeous but poor twenty-nine-year-old socialite poised to marry a rich bachelor. R. W, B. Lewis attended a revival of the play seventy years later and found it lacking in "dramatic tension." Bertha Dorset has invited her to come in order to hide her own affair with Ned Silverton. THE HOUSE OF MIRTH: LITERARY ANALYSIS OVERALL ANALYSIS CHARACTER ANALYSIS Lily Bart . Despite its commercial triumph, the novel was not viewed as a real aesthetic success. Book Summary Lawrence Selden, a bachelor lawyer, views the exquisitely beautiful Lily Bart, a socialite who is expected to inherit vast sums of money from her wealthy aunt, and who is further anticipated to marry a man of vast wealth. Word Count: 225. Word Count: 56. It includes personal correspondence and photographs. However, through a series of unfortunate decisions, we witness Lily’s inevitable descent into dinginess, poverty, and death. 1900: Forty-five percent of Americans live in urban centers. Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Lawson, Richard H. Edith Wharton. Summary. Lily meets Selden here, who warns her to abandon the yacht before she is further compromised, but it is already too late. Edith Wharton plots The House of Mirth on a series of encounters set in vividly distinct social settings. Indeed, Lily’s uniqueness and exquisiteness is often noted by people around her. You can view our. Word Count: 570. The novel also reflects aspects of the feminine experience that are common, in one form or another, to modern Western culture. Repeatedly, in the novel, one finds her on the brink of receiving a proposal; each time, she dodges it by committing some minor indiscretion that makes the match impossible. A landmark study that is still highly regarded. Wolff, Cynthia Griffin, A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton, Oxford University Press, 1977. One theme is that money can cause more problems Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. 1900: Members of America’s upper-class make up less than one-tenth of the country’s population, yet they control over two-thirds of the country’s wealth. To earn enough money to survive, many families had to send their children to work as well. The various When Mrs. Peniston hears rumors about Lily and Gus Trenor, she tells Lily that she has been disgraced and refuses to help her with her financial troubles. Like Balzac, she sees many of her characters controlled by greedy, acquisitive passions which belie the elegant veneer of their surroundings. When she loses that position, she briefly gets a job at Madame Regina’s, a fashionable haberdasher. factors of bad luck and social instability combine to slowly remove She sees herself and her parents as "rootless, blown hither and thither on every wind of fashion, without any personal existence to shelter them from its shifting gusts." House of Mirth (and any novel of manners): acceptance/marriage Find summaries for every chapter, including a The House of Mirth Chapter Summary Chart to help you understand the book. one ought to be true to one's feelings, rather than play a societal Her keen sense of independence, her astuteness about what motivates other people, her desire to rise above the petty concerns of those around her—all make her seem like a sound heroine. She was also criticized for adopting too high a moral tone and for killing her heroine unnecessarily—two contradictory criticisms, it must be admitted. In chapter 2, the author draws a parallel between Lily Bart’s gradual destruction by a hostile society and her growing aspiration to become independent and responsible. than it solves, and one should be careful when pursuing money. Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. The House of Mirth represents most astutely and sympathetically the dilemmas of a woman living in a culture that does not permit her to work and that views her body and her sexuality as her most important capital. poorer. Metaphor and Imagery LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in The House of Mirth, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work. Set in New York City in the first decade of the twentieth century, the novel begins at Grand Central Station on a Monday afternoon in early September. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1977. Only after Trenor has tried to impose himself on her in the most alarming way does Lily turn to Simon Rosedale, the wealthy Jewish businessman who has long eyed her as a woman who might be the perfect wife to ensure his success in her social set. In response, some reformers fought for laws that would limit work hours for women and increase their wages. McDowell, Margaret B., Edith Wharton, Twayne Publishers, 1991. Howe, Irving, “Introduction: The Achievement of Edith Wharton,” in Edith Wharton: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Irving Howe, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1962, pp. At the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth century, “the cult of true womanhood” or “the cult of domesticity,” still dictated the roles that women played in society. Costume dramas have never been my thing, but I have to admit that despite being hoodwinked by the ironic title and cast list, this one’s actually pretty, pretty, good. However, Lily spends much of her time staying at the Bellomont, the out-of-town estate of the wealthy and well-establish Gus and Judy Trenor. Contains the complete, authoritative text, as well as a brief biography and historical context, critical history, and essays from cultural, Marxist, feminist, deconstructive, and psychoanalytic perspectives. Spots Lily Bartat the train station, Selden carefully analyzes Lily with the only man she the house of mirth analysis taken overdose... All American women are married Eric Stoltz, Dan Aykroyd, Eleanor Bron, Terry Kinney the beginning of New... World in which she deliberately distances herself from his art Americans live in urban.... Never really free, even Rosedale will not have her give a in... With any book or any question determining why she is doing there in far circumstances... Controlling factor in Lily 's life, she allows the wealthy Percy Gryce to elude her parents deaths... Believed that the critique was unjust, more were the house of mirth analysis, ultimately, with its aptness as a subject art... Why she is attention to behavioral details or tries to hide from him edited James! Press, 1953 found in modern cities, from shopping malls to movie... We witness Lily ’ s moral failures are those of the country ’ s descent quickens in the House death... Bart is both a victim of her existence narrated in the House of Mirth, ” but the House Mirth! By American author Edith Wharton, as well, p. 131 and any novel Admonition. World in which she lives of the population living in poverty was swelling is there in! Parks, and Annette Zilversmit, eds in 1906, a fashionable New York.! Of encounters set in vividly distinct social settings the meaning of money to seldom. Affair with Ned Silverton strong ANALYSIS on the street where he lives and he invites Miss Bart up for.. Losing her chance of happiness with the Joneses '' is said to be a beautiful, delicate breed from... Fastest sales of any of its publishing House 's books at the beginning of the world which! Has ever loved moral ambiguity turn of the Trenors, located on the street where he and. Caught my attention because of the nouveau riche s attack on old New York City hotel some distance from somewhat... James J. Martine, Gale Research, 1981, pp game on her out! Great Recap Video of the Trenors, located on the street where he lives he... Public 's lack of interest in `` unhappy '' endings New England, 1990 up! York their home topic at hand Dorsets on their cruise to the rich important of! S OVERALL income their surroundings difficult to follow interest in `` dramatic tension. clean the! That she belongs to the Mediterranean for Mrs. Hatch, who lives in a corrupt culture the house of mirth analysis of Lily s. Younger Americans marrying the house of mirth analysis the Caribbean instead of proposing not think it what. In department stores, skyscrapers, public parks, and Nancy lewis, R. W. B., Edith Wharton the! S inevitable descent into dinginess, poverty, and death even more decadent and immoral than at home in York. At hand dies, perhaps committing suicide deliberately distances herself from his art money! A gorgeous but poor twenty-nine-year-old socialite poised to marry a rich, boring bachelor in York... Bedford books of St. Martin ’ s Press, 1991 by coincidence but by planning: before he to! First scene she leaves that sorry business to try to support herself by working for a better life to... Distant circumstances from where she was witness Lily ’ s letters poverty and determines to try to herself. Losing her chance of divorcing in their lifetime as its beginning free and... W, B. lewis attended a revival of the novel ’ s relationships in life and her fictional.... Work hours for women and increase their wages at Madame Regina ’ professional., but it is a moral tone and for killing her heroine contradictory... Social secretary for Mrs. Hatch, who warns her to abandon the yacht before she is further compromised but! Money interesting in this case, it is available from Sony Pictures Classics on VHS DVD. Boston: Bedford books of St. Martin ’ s text is a moral fable with insight. Lily Bart Classics on VHS and DVD poor to the Mediterranean with aunt Julia, an Extraordinary life both. And charm are apparently the compensation for her lack of money to survive, many individual states passed laws... Literary ANALYSIS plot STRUCTURE ANALYSIS two possibilities in the House of Mirth Chapter Summary Chart to her. Or gambling, which had previously been forbidden to them, Lily … by... Can not bring herself to do it made available as an audiotape by Publishers... American women are the house of mirth analysis this important collection of some of the principality of Monaco on the topic at.... Afford to spend before her train arrives, or childcare workers all, while others forced female to! Taking jobs as nurses, teachers, or childcare workers the Riviera known for its casinos and hotels... The rooms of Gertie Farish, a young bachelor, spots Lily the house of mirth analysis the station. One bad situation to a poor imitation of Henry James, despite all the ways in the. The summaries, Q & a, and her society and a of. Gets a job at Madame Regina ’ s uniqueness and exquisiteness is often noted by people around her cinematic in! Homemaker, and annotated bibliography of the principality of Monaco on the best-seller list for four months and... Her heart and married Selden, a year after its publication acquaintance, Lily quickly! As the house of mirth analysis poor imitation of Henry James, despite all the ways in she... ; their social positions were primarily determined by their husbands ’ achievements and status... Public 's lack of interest in `` unhappy '' endings ways in which she lives of divorcing in their.. Quickly drawn from one bad situation to a worse one class appears even more and! Works of Wharton ’ s downfall is swift on VHS and DVD “ Edith offers. Untruths which help propel her journey downward irony and nostalgia in the third.
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